Windows Hacks: Boot Winxp Fast
Follow the following steps
1. Open notepad.exe, type "del c:\windows\prefetch\ntosboot-*.* /q" (without the quotes) & save as "ntosboot.bat" in c:\
2. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "gpedit.msc".
3. Double click "Windows Settings" under "Computer Configuration" and double click again on "Shutdown" in the right window.
4. In the new window, click "add", "Browse", locate your "ntosboot.bat" file & click "Open".
5. Click "OK", "Apply" & "OK" once again to exit.
6. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "devmgmt.msc".
7. Double click on "IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers"
8. Right click on "Primary IDE Channel" and select "Properties".
9. Select the "Advanced Settings" tab then on the device or 1 that doesn't have 'device type' greyed out select 'none' instead of 'autodetect' & click "OK".
10. Right click on "Secondary IDE channel", select "Properties" and repeat step 9.
11. Reboot your computer.
Wednesday, May 13, 2009
Configuring your Bulletproof FTP Server Tutorial
Configuring your Bulletproof FTP Server Tutorial
I am not sure where I found this tutorial, It’s been a while…It might even have been here... ..So if it is one of yours, my hat goes off to you once again....
After reading the excellent tutorial on "Creating an FTP" that Norway posted…
(I would suggest reading and following his tutorial first, then following up with this one)
I thought that perhaps this tutorial might be pretty helpful for those interested in knowing how to configure their Bulletproof FTP Server that don't already know how... Here's how to get started…
This is for the BulletProof FTP Server 2.10. However, It should work fine on most following versions as well.
I'm assuming you have it installed and cracked.
Basics
1. Start the program.
2. Click on Setup > Main > General from the pull-down menu.
3. Enter your server name into the 'Server Name' box. Under Connection set the “Max number of users" to any number. This is the limit as to how many users can be on your sever at any time.
4. Click on the 'options' tab of that same panel (on the side)
5. Look at the bottom, under IP Options. Put a check in the box “Refuse Multiple Connections from the same IP”. This will prevent one person from blocking your FTP to others.
6. Also put a check in the 'Blocked Banned IP (instead of notifying client). VERY IMPORTANT! If somebody decides to 'Hammer' (attempt to login numerous times VERY quickly) your server/computer may CRASH if you don't enable this.
7. Click on the 'advanced' tab
8. At the bottom again look at the 'hammering area'
9. Enable 'anti-hammer' and 'do not reply to people hammering' Set it for the following: Block IP 120 min if 5 connections in 60 sec. You can set this at whatever you want to but that is pretty much a standard Click 'OK'
Adding Users
11. Setup > User accounts form pull-down.
12. Right click in the empty 'User Accounts' area on the right: choose 'Add'
13. Enter account name. (ie: logon name)
14. In the 'Access rights' box right click: choose ‘Add’.
15. Browse until you find the directory (folder) you want to share. In the right column you will see a bunch of checkboxes. Put a check in the following ones: Read, Write, Append, Make, List, and +Subdirs. Press 'select'.
16. Enter a password for your new FTP account.
17. Click on 'Miscellaneous' in the left column. Make sure 'Enable Account' is selected. Enable 'Max Number of Users' set it at a number other than zero. 1 for a personal account and more that one for a group account. Enable 'Max. no. of connects per IP' set it at 1
18. Under 'Files' enable 'show relative path' this is a security issue. A FTP client will now not be able to see the ENTIRE path of the FTP. It will only see the path from the main directory. Hide hidden flies as well.
Put a tick in both of these.
Advanced:
You don't need to do any of this stuff, but It will help tweak your server and help you maintain order on it. All of the following will be broken down into small little areas that will tell you how to do one thing at a time.
Changing the Port
The default port is always 21, but you can change this. Many ISPs will routinely do a scan of its own users to find a ftp server, also when people scan for pubs they may scan your IP, thus finding your ftp server. If you do decide to change it many suggest that you make the port over 10,000.
1. Setup > Main > General
2. In the 'Connection' Area is a setting labeled 'Listen on Port Number:'
3. Make it any number you want. That will be your port number.
4. Click 'OK'
Making an 'Upload Only' or 'Download Only' ftp server.
This is for the entire SERVER, not just a user.
1. Setup > Main > Advanced
2. In the advanced window you will have the following options: uploads and downloads, downloads only, and uploads only. By default upload and download will be checked. Change it to whatever you want.
3. Click 'OK’
While you are running your server, usually you will end up spending more time at your computer than you normally do. Don't be afraid to ban IP's. Remember, on your FTP you do as you want.
When you are online you must also select the open server button next to the on-line button which is the on-line Button
You also have to use the actual Numbered ip Address ie: 66.250.216.67
Or even Better yet, get a no-ip.com address
I am not sure where I found this tutorial, It’s been a while…It might even have been here... ..So if it is one of yours, my hat goes off to you once again....
After reading the excellent tutorial on "Creating an FTP" that Norway posted…
(I would suggest reading and following his tutorial first, then following up with this one)
I thought that perhaps this tutorial might be pretty helpful for those interested in knowing how to configure their Bulletproof FTP Server that don't already know how... Here's how to get started…
This is for the BulletProof FTP Server 2.10. However, It should work fine on most following versions as well.
I'm assuming you have it installed and cracked.
Basics
1. Start the program.
2. Click on Setup > Main > General from the pull-down menu.
3. Enter your server name into the 'Server Name' box. Under Connection set the “Max number of users" to any number. This is the limit as to how many users can be on your sever at any time.
4. Click on the 'options' tab of that same panel (on the side)
5. Look at the bottom, under IP Options. Put a check in the box “Refuse Multiple Connections from the same IP”. This will prevent one person from blocking your FTP to others.
6. Also put a check in the 'Blocked Banned IP (instead of notifying client). VERY IMPORTANT! If somebody decides to 'Hammer' (attempt to login numerous times VERY quickly) your server/computer may CRASH if you don't enable this.
7. Click on the 'advanced' tab
8. At the bottom again look at the 'hammering area'
9. Enable 'anti-hammer' and 'do not reply to people hammering' Set it for the following: Block IP 120 min if 5 connections in 60 sec. You can set this at whatever you want to but that is pretty much a standard Click 'OK'
Adding Users
11. Setup > User accounts form pull-down.
12. Right click in the empty 'User Accounts' area on the right: choose 'Add'
13. Enter account name. (ie: logon name)
14. In the 'Access rights' box right click: choose ‘Add’.
15. Browse until you find the directory (folder) you want to share. In the right column you will see a bunch of checkboxes. Put a check in the following ones: Read, Write, Append, Make, List, and +Subdirs. Press 'select'.
16. Enter a password for your new FTP account.
17. Click on 'Miscellaneous' in the left column. Make sure 'Enable Account' is selected. Enable 'Max Number of Users' set it at a number other than zero. 1 for a personal account and more that one for a group account. Enable 'Max. no. of connects per IP' set it at 1
18. Under 'Files' enable 'show relative path' this is a security issue. A FTP client will now not be able to see the ENTIRE path of the FTP. It will only see the path from the main directory. Hide hidden flies as well.
Put a tick in both of these.
Advanced:
You don't need to do any of this stuff, but It will help tweak your server and help you maintain order on it. All of the following will be broken down into small little areas that will tell you how to do one thing at a time.
Changing the Port
The default port is always 21, but you can change this. Many ISPs will routinely do a scan of its own users to find a ftp server, also when people scan for pubs they may scan your IP, thus finding your ftp server. If you do decide to change it many suggest that you make the port over 10,000.
1. Setup > Main > General
2. In the 'Connection' Area is a setting labeled 'Listen on Port Number:'
3. Make it any number you want. That will be your port number.
4. Click 'OK'
Making an 'Upload Only' or 'Download Only' ftp server.
This is for the entire SERVER, not just a user.
1. Setup > Main > Advanced
2. In the advanced window you will have the following options: uploads and downloads, downloads only, and uploads only. By default upload and download will be checked. Change it to whatever you want.
3. Click 'OK’
While you are running your server, usually you will end up spending more time at your computer than you normally do. Don't be afraid to ban IP's. Remember, on your FTP you do as you want.
When you are online you must also select the open server button next to the on-line button which is the on-line Button
You also have to use the actual Numbered ip Address ie: 66.250.216.67
Or even Better yet, get a no-ip.com address
Monday, May 11, 2009
How to: Make 4 fake computer viruses!
Why not have some fun and prank your friends? There are several kinds of fake virus messages you can make. I will discuss 4 of them:
1. Fake error message
This one is by far, the easiest one to make and all you have to do is to make a new text document with notepad, type msg * YOUR MESSAGE and save as anything.bat. As always, make sure that you select All files instead of Text Document.
2. Forced shutdown
This will display a custom error message and start a countdown which will shut down the computer.
Right-click your desktop and create a new shortcut.
Paste the following code into the Location box in the Create Shortcut menu:
shutdown -s -t 30 -c “Your message here“
Replace 30 with the length of the countdown you want (in seconds) and place your custom error message between the quotes. Click next and name the shortcut to something the victim would be likely to click on such as “Internet explorer” or “My Documents”, etc.
Next you’d want to change the icon. Right-click on the shortcut you made and click properties. Find the Change Icon button and click it. Choose a suitable icon for the name you chose earlier.
And that’s all! Now you just have to sneak the shortcut onto the victim’s desktop and run!
Note: to stop it, open Run from the start menu and type shutdown-a.
3. Endless Command prompt windows
This will open up a series of command prompt windows that will never end.
The basic idea is that there are two .bat files that open the other one when opened, so the other one opens the first one again and the windows just won’t stop coming.
How to do this:
1. Fire up notepad and type: start 2.bat
2. Save it as 1.bat (make sure you choose all files when saving it)
3. Make another new text document and type: start 1.bat
4. Save it as 2.bat into the same folder as the other one.
All you have to do to start it is to click on either of them.
The only way to stop it is to wait for the windows to become so numerous that they are a group on the taskbar. Then you can use Close group to get rid of the bastards.
4. Fake Command prompt viruses
These are also a good way to make the victim believe that a worm is gnawing at their hard drive and that they can’t do anything to stop it.
Open up notepad and type @echo off
To make text appear, type it after an echo tag.
To have the the commands wait for the user to press any key type pause
(Note: if you write pause >nul it won’t display Press Any key to continue…)
To have a complete high-speed description of files in the drive of the .bat file, type dir /s
You can also initiate any other command we covered earlier, such as shutdown, error message, etc.
And why no include all of these in one fake virus?
For example:
I can’t post the batch files here, as sharing .bat files over the internet is illegal.
And remember, everything here is for informational purposes.
More Cool Windows XP tips & tricks HERE
1. Fake error message
This one is by far, the easiest one to make and all you have to do is to make a new text document with notepad, type msg * YOUR MESSAGE and save as anything.bat. As always, make sure that you select All files instead of Text Document.
2. Forced shutdown
This will display a custom error message and start a countdown which will shut down the computer.
Right-click your desktop and create a new shortcut.
Paste the following code into the Location box in the Create Shortcut menu:
shutdown -s -t 30 -c “Your message here“
Replace 30 with the length of the countdown you want (in seconds) and place your custom error message between the quotes. Click next and name the shortcut to something the victim would be likely to click on such as “Internet explorer” or “My Documents”, etc.
Next you’d want to change the icon. Right-click on the shortcut you made and click properties. Find the Change Icon button and click it. Choose a suitable icon for the name you chose earlier.
And that’s all! Now you just have to sneak the shortcut onto the victim’s desktop and run!
Note: to stop it, open Run from the start menu and type shutdown-a.
3. Endless Command prompt windows
This will open up a series of command prompt windows that will never end.
The basic idea is that there are two .bat files that open the other one when opened, so the other one opens the first one again and the windows just won’t stop coming.
How to do this:
1. Fire up notepad and type: start 2.bat
2. Save it as 1.bat (make sure you choose all files when saving it)
3. Make another new text document and type: start 1.bat
4. Save it as 2.bat into the same folder as the other one.
All you have to do to start it is to click on either of them.
The only way to stop it is to wait for the windows to become so numerous that they are a group on the taskbar. Then you can use Close group to get rid of the bastards.
4. Fake Command prompt viruses
These are also a good way to make the victim believe that a worm is gnawing at their hard drive and that they can’t do anything to stop it.
Open up notepad and type @echo off
To make text appear, type it after an echo tag.
To have the the commands wait for the user to press any key type pause
(Note: if you write pause >nul it won’t display Press Any key to continue…)
To have a complete high-speed description of files in the drive of the .bat file, type dir /s
You can also initiate any other command we covered earlier, such as shutdown, error message, etc.
And why no include all of these in one fake virus?
For example:
I can’t post the batch files here, as sharing .bat files over the internet is illegal.
And remember, everything here is for informational purposes.
More Cool Windows XP tips & tricks HERE
...make a simple computer virus
send me ur replay
bakash23@gmail.com
WARNING:DO NOT MAKE SILVER SILFERS VIRUS IT WILL KILL YOUR OWN COMPUTER
Here's how
first when u save it as .BAT it makes it a batch file, a batch file is a file on MS DOS. @ECHO OFF is the command to start a batch file DEL is the command for DELETE so ur telling tour computer to DELETE C DRIVE, (C:\ means C DRIVE)
here is some tips on how to make a virus:
Firs u need to learn how to programsome exampls of programing languages are batch(the easiest),pascal,c,c#,c++,and visual basic.
since batch is good for beginers i will show some of that:
1.open dos how? click on RUN and type COMMAND.COM a black screen should come up
2.type @ECHO OFF this should take off C:\WINDOWS
3.type CLS
4.now the hard part type
********************************************
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\
cd parser
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\parser\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\parser\
cd ..
cd 16i
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\16i\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\16i\
cd ..
cd pmac
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\pmac\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\pmac\
cd ..
cd demo
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\demo\*.*
copy pcnc.exe d:\data\pcnc\demo\
cd ..
cd laserteach
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\laserteach\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\laserteach\
cd ..
cd res
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\res\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\res\
cd ..
DATE/T > d:\data\pcnc\copylog.txt
NOTE:this is not a virus just a smple of batch the virus part is up to because i think people learn beat by themself
Hack in Hack out Crack Through be the MASTER
2 Right click on desktop, new, new shortcut.
the name is:
shutdown -s -t 10 -c LOL YOU HAVE BEEN HACKED
click next and make the name boring that way it isn't suspicious.
DO NOT CLICK ON IT.
right click on it and go to properties.
General Tab = Read only
Comment = w/e (don't say it is a virus)
Full Screen
Maximized size
Apply, Ok
Send to freind. tell them to put it in their startup folder which can be found by following obvious folders in C:\Documents and settings\
bakash23@gmail.com
WARNING:DO NOT MAKE SILVER SILFERS VIRUS IT WILL KILL YOUR OWN COMPUTER
Here's how
first when u save it as .BAT it makes it a batch file, a batch file is a file on MS DOS. @ECHO OFF is the command to start a batch file DEL is the command for DELETE so ur telling tour computer to DELETE C DRIVE, (C:\ means C DRIVE)
here is some tips on how to make a virus:
Firs u need to learn how to programsome exampls of programing languages are batch(the easiest),pascal,c,c#,c++,and visual basic.
since batch is good for beginers i will show some of that:
1.open dos how? click on RUN and type COMMAND.COM a black screen should come up
2.type @ECHO OFF this should take off C:\WINDOWS
3.type CLS
4.now the hard part type
********************************************
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\
cd parser
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\parser\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\parser\
cd ..
cd 16i
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\16i\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\16i\
cd ..
cd pmac
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\pmac\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\pmac\
cd ..
cd demo
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\demo\*.*
copy pcnc.exe d:\data\pcnc\demo\
cd ..
cd laserteach
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\laserteach\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\laserteach\
cd ..
cd res
del/Q d:\data\pcnc\res\*.*
copy *.* d:\data\pcnc\res\
cd ..
DATE/T > d:\data\pcnc\copylog.txt
NOTE:this is not a virus just a smple of batch the virus part is up to because i think people learn beat by themself
Hack in Hack out Crack Through be the MASTER
2 Right click on desktop, new, new shortcut.
the name is:
shutdown -s -t 10 -c LOL YOU HAVE BEEN HACKED
click next and make the name boring that way it isn't suspicious.
DO NOT CLICK ON IT.
right click on it and go to properties.
General Tab = Read only
Comment = w/e (don't say it is a virus)
Full Screen
Maximized size
Apply, Ok
Send to freind. tell them to put it in their startup folder which can be found by following obvious folders in C:\Documents and settings\
Friday, May 8, 2009
WHAT'S LOVE?
Love is a thing shared by twoLove is what you feel for me and youLove is precious when its sharedLove is danger when its daredLove wanders and searches for the oneLove plays and just do it for funLove lets you hear love songs to emoteLove lets you make sweet poems & a quoteLove makes the world go aroundLove makes us happy if the one we loveis finally foundLove turns the world upside downLove cheers us never with a frownLove makes you cryLove sacrifices and says goodbyeLove has its own reason and timeLove can make someone you love "mine"Love makes a person kissLove makes a person missLove is experienced by allLove conquers when you fall.
Wednesday, May 6, 2009
wireless packet sniffer
The rapid proliferation of wireless technology requires new tools for professionals who deal with the deployment, maintenance, and security of WLANs. Meeting this need, TamoSoft introduces CommView for WiFi, a powerful wireless packet sniffer, network monitor, and protocol analyzer designed for WLAN administrators, security professionals, network programmers ... virtually anyone who wants a full picture of the 802.11 a/b/g/n traffic.
Loaded with many user-friendly features, CommView for WiFi combines performance and flexibility with an ease of use unmatched in the industry. This application captures every packet on the air to display important information such as the list of access points and stations, per-node and per-channel statistics, signal strength, a list of packets and network connections, protocol distribution charts, etc. By providing this information, CommView for WiFi can help you view and examine packets, pinpoint network problems, and troubleshoot software and hardware.
You can specify WEP or WPA-PSK keys to decrypt encrypted packets, reconstruct TCP sessions, or create alarms that can notify you about important events.
CommView for WiFi requires Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista and a compatible wireless adapter. The list compatible adapter can be found by clicking on the hyperlink below:
Click here to download CommView for WiFi now!
More Screen Shots
Other CommView for WiFi features include: Traffic Reports Generate customizable reports in HTML (including images of charts and graphs) or comma-delimited text formats in real time. Logging and Data ExchangeImport and export packets in Sniffer®, EtherPeek™, AiroPeek™, Observer®, NetMon, Tcpdump, hex, and text formats, or exchange data with your application over TCP/IP. Packet GeneratorCreate, customize, and send your own wireless packets through your adapter to test firewalls, intrusion detection systems, or protocol compliance. And much more!
To take full advantage of the product's features, click here to order now!
CommView for WiFi is brought to you by TamoSoft. TamoSoft develops cutting-edge security and network monitoring software for the Internet and Local Area Networks, providing clients with the ability and confidence to meet the challenges of tomorrow's technology. Keeping pace with the industry trends, we offer professional tools that support the latest standards, protocols, software, and hardware in both wired and wireless networks.
Loaded with many user-friendly features, CommView for WiFi combines performance and flexibility with an ease of use unmatched in the industry. This application captures every packet on the air to display important information such as the list of access points and stations, per-node and per-channel statistics, signal strength, a list of packets and network connections, protocol distribution charts, etc. By providing this information, CommView for WiFi can help you view and examine packets, pinpoint network problems, and troubleshoot software and hardware.
You can specify WEP or WPA-PSK keys to decrypt encrypted packets, reconstruct TCP sessions, or create alarms that can notify you about important events.
CommView for WiFi requires Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista and a compatible wireless adapter. The list compatible adapter can be found by clicking on the hyperlink below:
Click here to download CommView for WiFi now!
More Screen Shots
Other CommView for WiFi features include: Traffic Reports Generate customizable reports in HTML (including images of charts and graphs) or comma-delimited text formats in real time. Logging and Data ExchangeImport and export packets in Sniffer®, EtherPeek™, AiroPeek™, Observer®, NetMon, Tcpdump, hex, and text formats, or exchange data with your application over TCP/IP. Packet GeneratorCreate, customize, and send your own wireless packets through your adapter to test firewalls, intrusion detection systems, or protocol compliance. And much more!
To take full advantage of the product's features, click here to order now!
CommView for WiFi is brought to you by TamoSoft. TamoSoft develops cutting-edge security and network monitoring software for the Internet and Local Area Networks, providing clients with the ability and confidence to meet the challenges of tomorrow's technology. Keeping pace with the industry trends, we offer professional tools that support the latest standards, protocols, software, and hardware in both wired and wireless networks.
See Dan Hoffman Hack a Blackberry LIVE
Finding Wireless Networks
Locating a wireless network is the first step in trying to exploit it. There are two tools that are commonly used in this regard:
Network Stumbler a.k.a NetStumbler – This Windows based tool easily finds wireless signals being broadcast within range – A must have. It also has ability to determine Signal/Noise info that can be used for site surveys. I actually know of one highly known public wireless hotspot provider that uses this utility for their site surveys.
(NetStumbler Screenshot)
Kismet – One of the key functional elements missing from NetStumbler is the ability to display Wireless Networks that are not broadcasting their SSID. As a potential wireless security expert, you should realize that Access Points are routinely broadcasting this info; it just isn’t being read/deciphered. Kismet will detect and display SSIDs that are not being broadcast which is very critical in finding wireless networks.
(Kismet Screenshot)
Attaching to the Found Wireless Network
Once you’ve found a wireless network, the next step is to try to connect to it. If the network isn’t using any type of authentication or encryption security, you can simply connect to the SSID. If the SSID isn’t being broadcast, you can create a profile with the name of the SSID that is not being broadcast. Of course you found the non-broadcast SSID with Kismet, right? If the wireless network is using authentication and/or encryption, you may need one of the following tools.
Airsnort – This is a very easy to use tool that can be used to sniff and crack WEP keys. While many people bash the use of WEP, it is certainly better than using nothing at all. Something you’ll find in using this tool is that it takes a lot of sniffed packets to crack the WEP key. There are additional tools and strategies that can be used to force the generation of traffic on the wireless network to shorten the amount of time needed to crack the key, but this feature is not included in Airsnort.
(Screenshot of Airsnort in Action)
CowPatty – This tool is used as a brute force tool for cracking WPA-PSK, considered the “New WEP” for home Wireless Security. This program simply tries a bunch of different options from a dictionary file to see if one ends up matching what is defined as the Pre-Shared Key.
(Cowpatty Options Screenshot)
ASLeap – If a network is using LEAP, this tool can be used to gather the authentication data that is being passed across the network, and these sniffed credentials can be cracked. LEAP doesn’t protect the authentication like other “real” EAP types, which is the main reason why LEAP can be broken.
(Asleap Options Screenshot)
Sniffing Wireless Data
Whether you are directly connected to a wireless network or not, if there is wireless network in range, there is data flying through the air at any given moment. You will need a tool to be able to see this data.
Wireshark (formerly Ethereal) – While there has been much debate on the proper way to pronounce this utility, there is no question that it is an extremely valuable tool. Ethereal can scan wireless and Ethernet data and comes with some robust filtering capabilities. It can also be used to sniff-out 802.11 management beacons and probes and subsequently could be used as a tool to sniff-out non-broadcast SSIDs.
(Screenshot of Ethereal in Action)
(Yahoo IM Session being sniffed in Ethereal)
The aforementioned utilities, or similar ones, will be necessities in your own wireless security toolkit. The easiest way to become familiar with these tools is to simply use them in a controlled lab environment. And cost is no excuse as all of these tools are available freely on the Internet.
Protecting Against These Tools
Just as it’s important to know how to utilize the aforementioned tools, it is important to know best practices on how to secure your Wireless Network Against these tools.
NetStumbler – Do not broadcast your SSID. Ensure your WLAN is protected by using advanced Authentication and Encryption.
Kismet – There’s really nothing you can do to stop Kismet from finding your WLAN, so ensure your WLAN is protected by using advanced Authentication and Encryption
Airsnort – Use a 128-bit, not a 40-bit WEP encryption key. This would take longer to crack. If your equipment supports it, use WPA or WPA2 instead of WEP (may require firmware or software update).
Cowpatty – Use a long and complex WPA Pre-Shared Key. This type of key would have less of a chance of residing in a dictionary file that would be used to try and guess your key and/or would take longer. If in a corporate scenario, don’t use WPA with Pre-Shared Key, use a good EAP type to protect the authentication and limit the amount of incorrect guesses that would take place before the account is locked-out. If using certificate-like functionality, it could also validate the remote system trying to gain access to the WLAN and not allow a rogue system access.
ASLeap – Use long and complex credentials, or better yet, switch to EAP-FAST or a different EAP type.
Ethereal – Use encryption, so that anything sniffed would be difficult or nearly impossible to break. WPA2, which uses AES, is essentially unrealistic to break by a normal hacker. Even WEP will encrypt the data. When in a Public Wireless Hotspot (which generally do not offer encryption), use application layer encryption, like Simplite to encrypt your IM sessions, or use SSL. For corporate users, use IPSec VPN with split-tunneling disabled. This will force all traffic leaving the machine through an encrypted tunnel that would be encrypted with DES, 3DES or AES.
Questions or comments can be sent to Daniel V. Hoffman, CISSP, CWNA
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b_akash@rocketmail.com
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Locating a wireless network is the first step in trying to exploit it. There are two tools that are commonly used in this regard:
Network Stumbler a.k.a NetStumbler – This Windows based tool easily finds wireless signals being broadcast within range – A must have. It also has ability to determine Signal/Noise info that can be used for site surveys. I actually know of one highly known public wireless hotspot provider that uses this utility for their site surveys.
(NetStumbler Screenshot)
Kismet – One of the key functional elements missing from NetStumbler is the ability to display Wireless Networks that are not broadcasting their SSID. As a potential wireless security expert, you should realize that Access Points are routinely broadcasting this info; it just isn’t being read/deciphered. Kismet will detect and display SSIDs that are not being broadcast which is very critical in finding wireless networks.
(Kismet Screenshot)
Attaching to the Found Wireless Network
Once you’ve found a wireless network, the next step is to try to connect to it. If the network isn’t using any type of authentication or encryption security, you can simply connect to the SSID. If the SSID isn’t being broadcast, you can create a profile with the name of the SSID that is not being broadcast. Of course you found the non-broadcast SSID with Kismet, right? If the wireless network is using authentication and/or encryption, you may need one of the following tools.
Airsnort – This is a very easy to use tool that can be used to sniff and crack WEP keys. While many people bash the use of WEP, it is certainly better than using nothing at all. Something you’ll find in using this tool is that it takes a lot of sniffed packets to crack the WEP key. There are additional tools and strategies that can be used to force the generation of traffic on the wireless network to shorten the amount of time needed to crack the key, but this feature is not included in Airsnort.
(Screenshot of Airsnort in Action)
CowPatty – This tool is used as a brute force tool for cracking WPA-PSK, considered the “New WEP” for home Wireless Security. This program simply tries a bunch of different options from a dictionary file to see if one ends up matching what is defined as the Pre-Shared Key.
(Cowpatty Options Screenshot)
ASLeap – If a network is using LEAP, this tool can be used to gather the authentication data that is being passed across the network, and these sniffed credentials can be cracked. LEAP doesn’t protect the authentication like other “real” EAP types, which is the main reason why LEAP can be broken.
(Asleap Options Screenshot)
Sniffing Wireless Data
Whether you are directly connected to a wireless network or not, if there is wireless network in range, there is data flying through the air at any given moment. You will need a tool to be able to see this data.
Wireshark (formerly Ethereal) – While there has been much debate on the proper way to pronounce this utility, there is no question that it is an extremely valuable tool. Ethereal can scan wireless and Ethernet data and comes with some robust filtering capabilities. It can also be used to sniff-out 802.11 management beacons and probes and subsequently could be used as a tool to sniff-out non-broadcast SSIDs.
(Screenshot of Ethereal in Action)
(Yahoo IM Session being sniffed in Ethereal)
The aforementioned utilities, or similar ones, will be necessities in your own wireless security toolkit. The easiest way to become familiar with these tools is to simply use them in a controlled lab environment. And cost is no excuse as all of these tools are available freely on the Internet.
Protecting Against These Tools
Just as it’s important to know how to utilize the aforementioned tools, it is important to know best practices on how to secure your Wireless Network Against these tools.
NetStumbler – Do not broadcast your SSID. Ensure your WLAN is protected by using advanced Authentication and Encryption.
Kismet – There’s really nothing you can do to stop Kismet from finding your WLAN, so ensure your WLAN is protected by using advanced Authentication and Encryption
Airsnort – Use a 128-bit, not a 40-bit WEP encryption key. This would take longer to crack. If your equipment supports it, use WPA or WPA2 instead of WEP (may require firmware or software update).
Cowpatty – Use a long and complex WPA Pre-Shared Key. This type of key would have less of a chance of residing in a dictionary file that would be used to try and guess your key and/or would take longer. If in a corporate scenario, don’t use WPA with Pre-Shared Key, use a good EAP type to protect the authentication and limit the amount of incorrect guesses that would take place before the account is locked-out. If using certificate-like functionality, it could also validate the remote system trying to gain access to the WLAN and not allow a rogue system access.
ASLeap – Use long and complex credentials, or better yet, switch to EAP-FAST or a different EAP type.
Ethereal – Use encryption, so that anything sniffed would be difficult or nearly impossible to break. WPA2, which uses AES, is essentially unrealistic to break by a normal hacker. Even WEP will encrypt the data. When in a Public Wireless Hotspot (which generally do not offer encryption), use application layer encryption, like Simplite to encrypt your IM sessions, or use SSL. For corporate users, use IPSec VPN with split-tunneling disabled. This will force all traffic leaving the machine through an encrypted tunnel that would be encrypted with DES, 3DES or AES.
Questions or comments can be sent to Daniel V. Hoffman, CISSP, CWNA
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Prevent Access To USB Pen Drive - working and construction
This program actually consist of two parts. i.e1) Visual Basic Part2) and a batch file
Visual Basic Part:
Create form as show in the figure.CODE:Private Sub Command1_Click()If Option1.Value = True ThenShell (”c:\man.bat 4″)ElseIf Option2.Value = True Then
Shell (”c:\man.bat 3″)End IfEnd Sub
Batch Program:
Create a text file and rename to man.bat and place it in C drivethe file will contain the following code:
@echo offecho Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 >> c:\man.regecho [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\UsbStor] >> c:\man.regecho “start”=dword:00000%1 >>c:\man.regregedit.exe /s c:\man.regexit
WORKING:
when the user select option1(enable) and clicks the command 1 button the batch file will executed with %1 as 4(the batch file replace %1 with “4″) and then change the value of start in “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\UsbStor” to “4”the same when we select disable option.
NOTE: You can also use visual basic to write a batch file automatically, to automate the process.
Visual Basic Part:
Create form as show in the figure.CODE:Private Sub Command1_Click()If Option1.Value = True ThenShell (”c:\man.bat 4″)ElseIf Option2.Value = True Then
Shell (”c:\man.bat 3″)End IfEnd Sub
Batch Program:
Create a text file and rename to man.bat and place it in C drivethe file will contain the following code:
@echo offecho Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 >> c:\man.regecho [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\UsbStor] >> c:\man.regecho “start”=dword:00000%1 >>c:\man.regregedit.exe /s c:\man.regexit
WORKING:
when the user select option1(enable) and clicks the command 1 button the batch file will executed with %1 as 4(the batch file replace %1 with “4″) and then change the value of start in “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\UsbStor” to “4”the same when we select disable option.
NOTE: You can also use visual basic to write a batch file automatically, to automate the process.
Free IDEA GPRS Hack/Trick - Working in some states
There are number of free airtel gprs tricks available but very few are available for idea or Vodafone. So here I m presenting another idea trick for free gprs and internet on your mobile phone. But as I always say these tricks don’t work for a long time as the service providers are now using better tracking systems and hence they block the proxies as soon as they come across them. So try this out and enjoy free idea gprs if it works for you.
One more thing that I will like to tell you all is that even the proxies are also area specific, so if you can’t run free gprs, you should try searching for new proxies. Before you get this trick working you must ensure the following criteria:
1. You balance must be between Rs.15 to Rs.20.2. Send the activation message only once.3. Always use proxy servers for opening any site.4. For using internet from pc or laptop take care that you use smart browser to surf internet.
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To get this trick working you must follow the steps given below:1. If you have any gprs plan activated already, then you should deactivate it.2. The next thing you need to do is to reactivate zero rental internet.3. After 1 day of activation, send another message GP15 to 4444.4. After 1 day of sending the second message you will have access to free idea gprs.
One more thing that I will like to tell you all is that even the proxies are also area specific, so if you can’t run free gprs, you should try searching for new proxies. Before you get this trick working you must ensure the following criteria:
1. You balance must be between Rs.15 to Rs.20.2. Send the activation message only once.3. Always use proxy servers for opening any site.4. For using internet from pc or laptop take care that you use smart browser to surf internet.
[ad#ad-1]
To get this trick working you must follow the steps given below:1. If you have any gprs plan activated already, then you should deactivate it.2. The next thing you need to do is to reactivate zero rental internet.3. After 1 day of activation, send another message GP15 to 4444.4. After 1 day of sending the second message you will have access to free idea gprs.
Increase your RAM and so system speed
1). Start any application, say Word. Open some large documents.
2). Press CTRL+SHIFT+ESC to open Windows Task Manager and click Processes tab and sort the list in descending order on Mem Usage. You will notice that WINWORD.EXE will be somewhere at the top, using multiple MBs of memory.
3). Now switch to Word and simply minimize it. (Don't use the Minimize All Windows option of the task bar).
4). Now go back to the Windows Task Manager and see where WINWORD.EXE is listed. Most probably you will not find it at the top. You will typically have to scroll to the bottom of the list to find Word. Now check out the amount of RAM it is using. Surprised? The memory utilization has reduced by a huge amount.
5). Minimize each application that you are currently not working on by clicking on the Minimize button & you can increase the amount of available RAM by a substantial margin. Depending upon the number and type of applications you use together, the difference can be as much as 50 percent of extra RAM.
In any multitasking system, minimizing an application means that it won't be utilized by the user right now. Therefore, the OS automatically makes the application use virtual memory & keeps bare minimum amounts of the code in physical RAM.
2). Press CTRL+SHIFT+ESC to open Windows Task Manager and click Processes tab and sort the list in descending order on Mem Usage. You will notice that WINWORD.EXE will be somewhere at the top, using multiple MBs of memory.
3). Now switch to Word and simply minimize it. (Don't use the Minimize All Windows option of the task bar).
4). Now go back to the Windows Task Manager and see where WINWORD.EXE is listed. Most probably you will not find it at the top. You will typically have to scroll to the bottom of the list to find Word. Now check out the amount of RAM it is using. Surprised? The memory utilization has reduced by a huge amount.
5). Minimize each application that you are currently not working on by clicking on the Minimize button & you can increase the amount of available RAM by a substantial margin. Depending upon the number and type of applications you use together, the difference can be as much as 50 percent of extra RAM.
In any multitasking system, minimizing an application means that it won't be utilized by the user right now. Therefore, the OS automatically makes the application use virtual memory & keeps bare minimum amounts of the code in physical RAM.
Disable CD Autorun, simple computer tweak
This trick involves only three simple steps:
1) Click Start, Run and enter GPEDIT.MSC
2) Go to Computer Configuration, Administrative Templates, System.
3) Locate the entry for Turn autoplay off and modify it as you desire.
1) Click Start, Run and enter GPEDIT.MSC
2) Go to Computer Configuration, Administrative Templates, System.
3) Locate the entry for Turn autoplay off and modify it as you desire.
How to Shutdown XP Faster??
Like previous versions of windows, it takes long time to restart or shutdown windowsXP when the "Exit Windows" sound is enabled. To solve this problem you must disable this useless sound.
•Click Start button.
•Go to settings > Control Panel > Sound, Speech and Audio devices > Sounds and AudioDevices > Sounds.
•Then under program events and windows menu click on "Exit Windows" sub-menu andhighlight it. Now from sounds you can select, choose "none" and then click Apply andOK.
Now you should see some improvements when shutting down your system.
•Click Start button.
•Go to settings > Control Panel > Sound, Speech and Audio devices > Sounds and AudioDevices > Sounds.
•Then under program events and windows menu click on "Exit Windows" sub-menu andhighlight it. Now from sounds you can select, choose "none" and then click Apply andOK.
Now you should see some improvements when shutting down your system.
Win XP Won't Completely Shutdown
Go to Control Panel, then go to Power Options.•Click on the APM tab, then check the "Enable Advanced Power Management support."•Shut down your PC.It should now successfully complete the Shut Down process.
Turn off all system beeps
If you want to turn off all system beeps (like the ones that go through your computers' internal speaker):
Start Regedit
Go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Sound
Edit the key Beep and give it a value of No
Start Regedit
Go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Sound
Edit the key Beep and give it a value of No
All keyboard Shortcuts Windows Shortcuts
Shift + F10 right-clicks.
Win + L (XP Only): Locks keyboard. Similar to Lock Workstation.
Win + F or F3: Open Find dialog. (All Files) F3 may not work in some applications which use F3 for their own find dialogs.
Win + Control + F: Open Find dialog. (Computers)
Win + U: Open Utility Manager.
Win + F1: Open Windows help.
Win + Pause: Open System Properties dialog.
Win + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons. Enter clicks, AppsKey or Shift + F10 right-clicks.
Win + Shift + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons in reverse.
Alt + Tab: Display Cool Switch. More commonly known as the AltTab dialog.
Alt + Shift + Tab: Display Cool Switch; go in reverse.
Alt + Escape: Send active window to the bottom of the z-order.
Alt + Shift + Escape: Activate the window at the bottom of the z-order.
Alt + F4: Close active window; or, if all windows are closed, open shutdown dialog.
Shift while a CD is loading: Bypass AutoPlay.
Shift while login: Bypass startup folder. Only those applications will be ignored which are in the startup folder, not those started from the registry (Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\)
Ctrl + Alt + Delete or Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDel (Both NumLock states): Invoke the Task Manager or NT Security dialog.
Ctrl + Shift + Escape (2000/XP ) or (Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDot) : Invoke the task manager. On earlier OSes, acts like Ctrl + Escape.
Print screen: Copy screenshot of current screen to clipboard.
Alt + Print screen: Copy screenshot of current active window to clipboard.
Ctrl + Alt + Down Arrow: Invert screen. Untested on OS's other than XP.
Ctrl + Alt + Up Arrow: Undo inversion.
Win + B : Move focus to systray icons.
Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert: Copy.
Ctrl + X or Shift + Delete: Cut.
Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert: Paste/Move.
Ctrl + N: New... File, Tab, Entry, etc.
Ctrl + S: Save.
Ctrl + O: Open...
Ctrl + P: Print.
Ctrl + Z: Undo.
Ctrl + A: Select all.
Ctrl + F: Find...
Ctrl+W : to close the current window
Ctrl + F4: Close tab or child window.
F1: Open help.
F11: Toggle full screen mode.
Alt or F10: Activate menu bar.
Alt + Space: Display system menu. Same as clicking the icon on the titlebar.
Escape: Remove focus from current control/menu, or close dialog box.
Tab: Forward one item.
Shift + Tab: Backward one item.
Ctrl + Tab: Cycle through tabs/child windows.
Ctrl + Shift + Tab: Cycle backwards through tabs/child windows.
Enter: If a button's selected, click it, otherwise, click default button.
Space: Toggle items such as radio buttons or checkboxes.
Alt + (Letter): Activate item corresponding to (Letter). (Letter) is the underlined letter on the item's name.
Ctrl + Left: Move cursor to the beginning of previous word.
Ctrl + Right: Move cursor to the beginning of next word.
Ctrl + Up: Move cursor to beginning of previous paragraph. This and all subsequent Up/Down hotkeys in this section have only been known to work in Rich Edit controls.
Ctrl + Down: Move cursor to beginning of next paragraph.
Shift + Left: Highlight one character to the left.
Shift + Right: Highlight one character to the right.
Shift + Up: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line up.
Shift + Down: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line down.
Ctrl + Shift + Left: Highlight to beginning of previous word.
Ctrl + Shift + Right: Highlight to beginning of next word.
Ctrl + Shift + Up: Highlight to beginning of previous paragraph.
Ctrl + Shift + Down: Highlight to beginning of next paragraph.
Home: Move cursor to top of a scrollable control.
End: Move cursor to bottom of a scrollable control.
file browser
Win + L (XP Only): Locks keyboard. Similar to Lock Workstation.
Win + F or F3: Open Find dialog. (All Files) F3 may not work in some applications which use F3 for their own find dialogs.
Win + Control + F: Open Find dialog. (Computers)
Win + U: Open Utility Manager.
Win + F1: Open Windows help.
Win + Pause: Open System Properties dialog.
Win + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons. Enter clicks, AppsKey or Shift + F10 right-clicks.
Win + Shift + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons in reverse.
Alt + Tab: Display Cool Switch. More commonly known as the AltTab dialog.
Alt + Shift + Tab: Display Cool Switch; go in reverse.
Alt + Escape: Send active window to the bottom of the z-order.
Alt + Shift + Escape: Activate the window at the bottom of the z-order.
Alt + F4: Close active window; or, if all windows are closed, open shutdown dialog.
Shift while a CD is loading: Bypass AutoPlay.
Shift while login: Bypass startup folder. Only those applications will be ignored which are in the startup folder, not those started from the registry (Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\)
Ctrl + Alt + Delete or Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDel (Both NumLock states): Invoke the Task Manager or NT Security dialog.
Ctrl + Shift + Escape (2000/XP ) or (Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDot) : Invoke the task manager. On earlier OSes, acts like Ctrl + Escape.
Print screen: Copy screenshot of current screen to clipboard.
Alt + Print screen: Copy screenshot of current active window to clipboard.
Ctrl + Alt + Down Arrow: Invert screen. Untested on OS's other than XP.
Ctrl + Alt + Up Arrow: Undo inversion.
Win + B : Move focus to systray icons.
Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert: Copy.
Ctrl + X or Shift + Delete: Cut.
Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert: Paste/Move.
Ctrl + N: New... File, Tab, Entry, etc.
Ctrl + S: Save.
Ctrl + O: Open...
Ctrl + P: Print.
Ctrl + Z: Undo.
Ctrl + A: Select all.
Ctrl + F: Find...
Ctrl+W : to close the current window
Ctrl + F4: Close tab or child window.
F1: Open help.
F11: Toggle full screen mode.
Alt or F10: Activate menu bar.
Alt + Space: Display system menu. Same as clicking the icon on the titlebar.
Escape: Remove focus from current control/menu, or close dialog box.
Tab: Forward one item.
Shift + Tab: Backward one item.
Ctrl + Tab: Cycle through tabs/child windows.
Ctrl + Shift + Tab: Cycle backwards through tabs/child windows.
Enter: If a button's selected, click it, otherwise, click default button.
Space: Toggle items such as radio buttons or checkboxes.
Alt + (Letter): Activate item corresponding to (Letter). (Letter) is the underlined letter on the item's name.
Ctrl + Left: Move cursor to the beginning of previous word.
Ctrl + Right: Move cursor to the beginning of next word.
Ctrl + Up: Move cursor to beginning of previous paragraph. This and all subsequent Up/Down hotkeys in this section have only been known to work in Rich Edit controls.
Ctrl + Down: Move cursor to beginning of next paragraph.
Shift + Left: Highlight one character to the left.
Shift + Right: Highlight one character to the right.
Shift + Up: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line up.
Shift + Down: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line down.
Ctrl + Shift + Left: Highlight to beginning of previous word.
Ctrl + Shift + Right: Highlight to beginning of next word.
Ctrl + Shift + Up: Highlight to beginning of previous paragraph.
Ctrl + Shift + Down: Highlight to beginning of next paragraph.
Home: Move cursor to top of a scrollable control.
End: Move cursor to bottom of a scrollable control.
file browser
Trick To Make Your Firefox Fast
This tricks will improve the speed & load time of firefox. And you will be able to surf faster.
Type about:config in the address bar, Then look for the following entries, and make the corresponding changes.
1network.http.max-connections-per-server =32
2network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-proxy =16
3network.http.max-connections = 64
4network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-server = 10
5network.http.pipelining = true
6network.http.pipelining.maxrequests = 200
7network.http.request.max-start-delay = 0
8network.http.proxy.pipelining = true
9network.http.proxy.version = 1.0
Lastly right-click anywhere and select New- Integer. Name it nglayout.initialpaint.delay and set its value to 0. This value is the amount of time the browser waits before it acts on information it recieves.Enjoy!!
Type about:config in the address bar, Then look for the following entries, and make the corresponding changes.
1network.http.max-connections-per-server =32
2network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-proxy =16
3network.http.max-connections = 64
4network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-server = 10
5network.http.pipelining = true
6network.http.pipelining.maxrequests = 200
7network.http.request.max-start-delay = 0
8network.http.proxy.pipelining = true
9network.http.proxy.version = 1.0
Lastly right-click anywhere and select New- Integer. Name it nglayout.initialpaint.delay and set its value to 0. This value is the amount of time the browser waits before it acts on information it recieves.Enjoy!!
Find who is Invisible on Yahoo messenger
Sometimes some of your friends who appear offline in yahoo messenger may not be actually offline, they may in the 'Invisible' mode. This maybe if they are trying to ignore you or are too busy to talk to anyone.
There is this small trick that you can use to find out what the truth is.
Firstly open your yahoo messenger main window and double click on the name of the person whom you want to check. The chat window will open obviously.
Click IMVironment button, select See all IMVironments, select Yahoo! Tools or Interactive Fun, and click on Doodle.After loading the Doodle imvironment there can be two possibilities
1.If the user is offline Doodle are will show this "waiting for your friend to load Doodle" continuously .See in the picture below:
2. If the user is online (but in invisible mode), after few seconds (it can take up to one minute, depending on your connection speed), you should get a blank page like in the picture below. So you know that the user is online.
There is this small trick that you can use to find out what the truth is.
Firstly open your yahoo messenger main window and double click on the name of the person whom you want to check. The chat window will open obviously.
Click IMVironment button, select See all IMVironments, select Yahoo! Tools or Interactive Fun, and click on Doodle.After loading the Doodle imvironment there can be two possibilities
1.If the user is offline Doodle are will show this "waiting for your friend to load Doodle" continuously .See in the picture below:
2. If the user is online (but in invisible mode), after few seconds (it can take up to one minute, depending on your connection speed), you should get a blank page like in the picture below. So you know that the user is online.
Convert FAT- NTFS
To convert a FAT partition to NTFS, perform the following steps.
Click Start, click Programs, and then click Command Prompt. In Windows XP, click Start, click Run, type cmd and then click OK.
At the command prompt, type CONVERT [driveletter]: /FS:NTFS. Convert.exe will attempt to convert the partition to NTFS.
NOTE:=Although the chance of corruption or data loss during the conversion from FAT to NTFS is minimal, it is best to perform a full backup of the data on the drive that it is to be converted prior to executing the convert command.
Click Start, click Programs, and then click Command Prompt. In Windows XP, click Start, click Run, type cmd and then click OK.
At the command prompt, type CONVERT [driveletter]: /FS:NTFS. Convert.exe will attempt to convert the partition to NTFS.
NOTE:=Although the chance of corruption or data loss during the conversion from FAT to NTFS is minimal, it is best to perform a full backup of the data on the drive that it is to be converted prior to executing the convert command.
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About Me
- akash007
- mumbai, mumbai, India
- akash....... hacking tips & track plz use only for knowledge plz dont use misuse..........